Surface Hardening of Steels

There are two distinctly different approaches to the various methods for surface hardening (Table 1): methods that involve an intentional buildup or addition of a new layer and methods that involve surface and subsurface modification without any intentional buildup or increase in part dimensions.

The first group of surface hardening methods includes the use of thin films, coatings, or weld overlays (hard-facings). Films, coatings, and overlays generally become less cost effective as production quantities increase, especially when the entire surface of work pieces must be hardened.

The fatigue performance of films, coatings, and overlays may also be a limiting factor, depending on the bond strength between the substrate and the added layer. Fusion-welded overlays have strong bonds, but the primary surface-hardened steels used in wear applications with fatigue loads include heavy case-hardened steels and flame or induction-hardened steels. Nonetheless, coatings and overlays can be effective in some applications. For tool steels, for example, TiN and Al2O3 coatings are effective not only because of their hardness but also because their chemical inertness reduces wear and the welding of chips to the tool. Overlays can be effective when the selective hardening of large areas is required.

The second group of methods on surface hardening is further divided into diffusion methods and selective hardening methods. Diffusion methods modify the chemical composition of the surface with hardening species such as carbon, nitrogen, or boron. Diffusion methods allow effective hardening of the entire surface of a part and are generally used when a large number of parts are to be surface hardened. In contrast, selective surface hardening methods allow localized hardening. Selective hardening generally involves transformation hardening (from heating and quenching), but some selective hardening methods (selective nitriding, ion implantation and ion beam mixing) are based solely on compositional modification.

As previously mentioned, surface hardening by diffusion involves the chemical modification of a surface. The basic process used is thermo-chemical because some heat is needed to enhance the diffusion of hardening species into the surface and subsurface regions of part.

The depth of diffusion exhibits time-temperature dependence such that:

Case depth ≈ K √Time

where the diffusivity constant, K, depends on temperature, the chemical composition of the steel, and the concentration gradient of a given hardening species. In terms of temperature, the diffusivity constant increases exponentially as a function of absolute temperature. Concentration gradients depend on the surface kinetics and reactions of a particular process.

Methods of hardening by diffusion include several variations of hardening species (such as carbon, nitrogen, or boron) and of the process method used to handle and transport the hardening species to the surface of the part. Process methods for exposure involve the handling of hardening species in forms such as gas, liquid, or ions. These process variations naturally produce differences in typical case depth and hardness (Table 2). Factors influencing the suitability of a particular diffusion method include the type of steel (Table 3).

It is also important to distinguish between total case depth and effective case depth. The effective case depth is typically about two-thirds to three-fourths the total case depth. The required effective depth must be specified so that the heat treatment can process the parts for the correct time at the proper temperature.